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Ana sayfa > Ödev için yardım > Kaynakça, alıntı : Robert Kolej kaynakça rehberi
The Robert College
Guide to
Bibliographic Citation,
Quotation and Citation,
following Modern
Language Association (MLA) format.
| Bibliographic Citation | |
| General guidelines Examples |
Quotation and Citation : general guidelines:MLA style uses an author-page method of citation. The author's last name and the page number from which the quotation or paraphrase is used must appear in the text, and a complete reference should be included in your reference list. You should include just enough information to distinguish between different works by the same author and/ or between authors with the same name. If it is not possible to give a page number, as when you are citing an electronic document or when the idea is general throughout the original work, then it is acceptable to give only the author. When using a table, illustration or similar, put a title at the top and give the full details of the source at the foot; note various differences to the style used in the Reference List.The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers has several hundred rules which attempt to cover every possible situation. This style guide shows only the most common situations, but you may be able to work out how to cite in situations not covered here. Most important is that you are consistent. If in doubt, ask a teacher or a librarian.
When you are asked to write your work in MLA style, each source cited in the text must appear in the reference list or bibliography, and each source in the reference list must be cited in the text.
There are several ways of citing your source and noting the page. The examples below show some of these different ways. You will find the full citations given amongst the examples in the Bibliographic Citation guide.
You need to cite your source when you quote the exact words which someone else has said or written. If you do not cite your source, you may be accused of plagiarism. Plagiarism is a serious form of cheating: it is passing somebody else's work off as your own. Plagiarism may be a criminal offence, and you may never be believed again if you are discovered doing this. If you copy someone else's work without their permission and the piece is published, then you are committing a breach of copyright and this is a criminal offence.
It is also necessary to note when you are summarising someone else's work or ideas; it is definitely a mistake to pass their ideas off as your own. In fact, you can strengthen an argument by pointing to a well known person or a published author who thinks as you do! As you are not quoting the exact words used, you should NOT use quotation marks.
You do not have to cite your source when the ideas used are common knowledge, for example:
The United States of America is one of the richest countries in the world today.
But if you are not sure whether this is common knowledge, play safe and cite your source.
Quotation
and Citation : Examples
Exact
words long quotation your
own words
author
of more than one work authors with same
name
words
missed words added
tables
and illustrations
When you use the exact words used by a source, you should normally enclose them in quotation marks.
Handy points out the danger: "Close teams can become closed teams" (Inside... 130).
"Eisenberg does it more thoroughly than Berkowitz" (Clark).If the quotation is longer than 4 typed lines then start the quotation on a new line, indent the full quotation but do not use quotation marks. If your quotation is not complete and you leave out some of the original words, use . . . an ellipsis. If you use your own wording inside a quotation, perhaps to make better sense of a connective, put your word/s in (parentheses).It need not be negative. "Keep people stretched, give them as much responsibility as they can handle, allow them discretion and the space to make decisions, and they will feel no need to use their negative power; they will have plenty of the positive kind" (Handy, Inside... 120).
Literacy means that people can read; it does not necessarily mean that they do read:When you are summarising someone else's work or ideas but not quoting their exact words, you should NOT use quotation marks. However, the ideas are not your own, so you must cite the original thinker behind those ideas.We have a nonreading syndrome (in Turkey). A nation of more than 60 million with a literacy rate of 80% could be expected to read more. Total newspaper circulation has remained virtually unchanged in 25 years. Book sales have barely increased. The annual number of titles published has gone down . . . The government has opened more than a thousand local public libraries. Yet reading is lagging (Halman, 898).
Blitzer suggests that at the start of the 17th century, the kingdom of Bohemia was the most valuable part of the Holy Roman Empire (31).
It could be that there is no one easy quick-fix for dealing with stress (Barber, R. 236).When you use a table, illustration or similar, based on someone else's work, put a title at the top and give the full details of the source at the foot. Number your tables (table 1, table 2 etc) and your other illustrations (fig. 1, fig. 2, etc). The style for citing the source is slightly different to that used in the Reference List or Bibliography.
Table 2: Relative size of planets and distance from the Sun.
Source: J. Kelly Beatty and Andrew Chaikin, The New Solar System, 3rd ed. (Cambridge MA: Sky Publishing, 1990) : 289.
Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Equatorial radius
(Earth=1)0.382 0.949 1.000 0.532 11.209 9.449 4.007 3.883 0.180 Mean distance from sun
(AU)0.387 0.723 1.000 1.533 5.203 9.539 19.191 30.529 39.529
Bibliographic Citation : general guidelines
The bibliography in a paper formatted in MLA style is more properly a REFERENCE LIST of titles referred to in the paper. Each source cited in the essay must appear in the reference list, and each source in the reference list must be cited in the text.
Sources are listed in alphabetical order of authors' last names, and the usual format is: author/s, title, place of publication, publisher, date. If your bibliography includes more than one title by the same author, list them under the author in alphabetical order of title (ignoring initial 'A'or 'The'); instead of repeating the author's name, use three hyphens and a period after the first time. If the book has two or three authors, list them in the order used on the title page. Only the first named author named is inverted. If there are four or more authors, list only the first followed by et al (and others). If the book has been edited, translated or compiled, use the abbreviations ed., tr., or comp. as appropriate.
Titles are normally underlined. Part-works, newspaper and magazine articles and similar are usually included inside quotation marks, with the title of the whole work or of the magazine underlined. When the work cited is part of a larger work, page numbers are included when appropriate.
When citing an online source, it is usual to give the date of the article, page or whatever and also the date when that resource was viewed and used.
Note: when a printer sees words underlined he sees this as meaning that the words are to be printed in an italic typeface. If you use a word-processor or DTP, titles in italics may be acceptable; ask your teacher.
Bibliographic citation / the reference list : examples
books
newspapers,
magazines and journals
Interviews:
personal, published, broadcast.
recordings
cd-rom
online database/ journal article
world wide
web listservs email
Books: authors, editors, translators
Books: volume in a seriesBarber, Roger. Managing People. London: Kogan Page, 1989.
- Barber, E. J. W. Womens Work: The First 20,000 Years. New York:
- Norton, 1994.
- Beatty, J. Kelly and Andrew Chaikin. The New Solar System. 3rd ed.
- Cambridge MA: Sky Publishing, 1990.
Handy, Charles B. The Age of Unreason. London: Arrow, 1991.
- Dunn, Rita and Kenneth Dunn. Teaching Students Through Their
- Individual Learning Styles: A Practical Approach. Boston: Allyn &
- Bacon, 1978.
---. Inside Organizations: 21 Ideas for Managers. London: BBC, 1990.
- Kuntzsch, Ingrid. A History of Jewels and Jewellery. Translated
- by Sheila Marnie. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1981.
- Lipsey, Richard G. et al. Microeconomics. 10th ed. New York: Harper
- Collins, 1993.
- Pearson, Carol and Katherine Pope. The Female Hero in American and
- British Literature. New York: R.R. Bowker Company, 1981.
- Rabb, Theodore K., ed. The Thirty Years' War. 2nd ed. Lanham MD:
- University Press of America, 1981.
Books: encyclopedia articles, signed and unsigned
- Blitzer, Charles. Age of Kings. Great Ages of Man. Amsterdam:
- Time-Life International, 1969.
Books: source within a source
- Boritt, Gabor S. "Lincoln, Abraham" The World Book Encyclopedia,
- 1999 ed. Chicago: World Book, 1999.
- "Lincoln, Abraham." Compton's Encyclopedia and Fact Index 1988 ed.
- Chicago: Compton's Learning Company, 1988.
- Herriot, Peter. "The Selection Interview." Psychology at Work, 3rd ed.
- Ed. Peter Warr. London: Penguin, 1987. 139-177.
Return to top of this pageNewspapers, magazines and journals: articles with and without named author/s
- Barber, Michael. "Born To Be Better." The Times Educational
- Supplement 18 March 1994: 19.
"Teltech Tales." The Economist 327 (26 June 1993): 98-99.
- Halman, Talat S. "From Babylon to Liberspace". American
- Libraries 26 (1995): 895-898.
Return to top of this pageInterviews: personal, published, broadcast.
- Aybars, Ersin. Personal interview. 7 January 1999. (Translated
- by the writer.)
- Kelly, Maura. "Not Part Of A Pair: Kelly Number Two." With
- Zerrin Aktuna. Bosphorus Chronicle, January 2000, 6.
Wallace, Mike. Interview. Larry King Live. CNN. 23 December 1999.
Return to top of this pageRecordings: CD, LP, cassette etc.
- Shostakovich, Dimitri. Jazz Suite No. 2. The Jazz Album. CD. Ronald
- Brautigan, piano, Peter Masseurs, trumpet. Cond. Riccardo
- Chailly. Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra. Decca, 1993.
- Simon, Paul. Diamonds on the soles of her shoes. Graceland. CD.
- Warner Brothers, 1986.
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- Hamilton, Kendall and Paul O'Donnell. "Does That Include Lunch?"
- Newsweek, 19 September 1994, 7. CD-ROM: MAS Full Text
- Elite, Ebsco, 1999.
- Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia. "Lincoln, Abraham." Encarta 98.
- CD-ROM. Microsoft, 1998.
Return to top of this pageOnline database/ journal article
- "Minister Announces Cuba Y2K-ready." Radio Rebelde, Havana report, originally
- in Spanish, as provided by BBC Worldwide Monitoring, 15 December
- 1999. Global NewsBank. 23 December 1999. <http://infoweb.newsbank.com/>.
- Nielsen, Jakob. "Voodoo Usability." Alertbox 12 December 1999. 13 December
- 1999. <http://www.useit.com/alertbox/991212.html>.
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- Harnack, Andrew and Gene Kleppinger. "Beyond the MLA Handbook:Documenting
- Electronic Sources on the Internet." 25 Nov 1996. 1 March 2000. <http://www.library.fullerton.edu/beyondmla.htm>.
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- Fraser, Kerry. <KerryFraser@FraserReport.com> "Mini Laptops." Online posting.
- 7 December 1999. 23 December 1999. <ICT@listserv.ecis.org> via <http://listserv.ecis.org/archives/ict.html>
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- Clark, Coralie. <corcla@iis.k12.hu> "Conference 2000". Personal email. 5
- October 1999. 6 October 1999.
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